Ko ngā pāwhara tīhau he wāhanga matua i ngā whakaurunga rūmau, e hiahiatia ana ngā tikanga matiu kia mātua pai te mahi me te roa o te wā tono. Ko ēnei taputapu whakauru motuhake he hononga tīhau e hiahiatia ana te tino aro kia kaua ai te wareware mōrearea me te wā itinga utu. Ko te mātauranga i ngā tikanga matiu tika e tino āhua ai te ihirangi o te mahi me te heke i ngā utu whakakapi i runga i ngā kaupapa mīni me ngā hanga.
Mua i te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu pōro rārahi ki ngā mahi kōpū, ko te tiro arotake tirohanga tino te takotoranga mō te mahi haumaru me te uaua. Tirohia ngā hononga pōro mō ngā tohu o te hinganga, te pārurenga, i te wareware hoki e taea ai te whakaroa i te kounga o te kōpū. Kia tuarangitia te arotake i ngā kīmu karapiti pōro, me tiro mō ngā parirua, ngā arawhata, i ngā wāhi kua ngaro hoki e tohu ana he hiahia ki te whakakapi tūtata, ki te whakapai anō rānei.
Me tiro arotake tō te pūtohu pōro kia kitea ai ngā āhua kīato, ngā mamae rānei o te kōhatu e mārama ai pea ngā pakanga hononga i ngā wā kōpū hāpai pānga. Rapua ngā tohu o te kōpae, te pōro kōwhai, i ngā tauwā wareware hoki e tohu ana i te kore whakahaere, i te kore tiaki rānei. Tuhi ia whenungarongaro hei whai i ngā ahunga mahi, hei whakaturanga i ngā wā whakakapi hoki mā te tikanga pūtake i ngā tikanga mara, āhua i ngā whāinga tātaritanga.
Kia tika ngā ine i te rahinga kia whakauru pea te pito tapa ki te taputapu rū, ka tiaki hoki i ngā paerewa haumaru mahi. Whakamahia ngā taputapu ine tata ki te whakapūmau i te inenga o te tapa, ngā inenga tawhiti o te tōrunga, me te āhua o te pito katoa ki ngā whakaritenga a te kaihanga. Ka tuku ēnei ine i ngā raraunga tau mō ngā whakataunga tiaki, ā, ka āwhina ki te tautoheke i ngā tau e noho ana i mua i te pakanga nui.
Ko ngā tirohanga mātai mō ngā hononga tapa e arahi ana i ngā hapa penaware e taea pea te herenga atu ki te pito me te taputapu rū. Kia pupuri i ngā rekita takitahi mō ngā panonitanga o ngā inenga i te wā, kia āhua ai ngā hōtaka tiaki mō te āhua, me te whakapai ake i ngā wā hiakai whakakapi. Ko tēnei ara aki kia mōhio ka iti ake ngā pakanga tūkaha o ngā taputapu, ā, ka roa ake te ora o ngā wae taputapu rū utu nui.
Ngā tikanga horoi āhuatia e whakakore ana i ngā paru rū, ngā hua matarohia, me ngā kirihou pāpaku e hui haere ana i te wā o te rū rū. Kōwhiria ngā karaihe horoi e hāngai ana ki ngā matapae e kitea ana i ngā whakamahinga rū, kia mātai ai ki ngā matapae bit me ngā kapua tiriti. Ko ngā punaha horoi ultrasonic e tuku ake ana i te wehenga tino pai ki roto i ngā wāhi tiriti kei reira e kore ai e taea e ngā paraihe noa te tae.
Whakauruhia ngā tikanga horoi pūmau e arotahi ana ki te kirihou e kitea ana hoki me ngā pārito ā-totoiti e tīmata ai te pānga. Whakamahia ngā karaihe motuhake mō te horoi i ngā tiriti e pouri ana i ngā hua pāmu pērā i te kore mate i ngā kapua tiaki, i ngā wae, i ngā wae tapatoru rānei. Ko ngā tikanga tika mō te whakamahi me te whakakore i ngā karaihe e whakarite ana i te aronga ki te taiao, i te waimarie hoki mo ngā kaimahi i te wā o te horoi.
Ko ngā tikanga mākawe hiko e whaihua ana ki ngā rongoā kimika kia hoki ai ngā mata o ngā pēpi i ngā taura ki te tikanga pai. Ka wehe te paraihe wiri me ngā matūtini piharenga e hāngai ana i ngā parakirihana me ngā whakapuaki mata kāore e hinga ai i ngā taura matua. Kōwhiria ngā matūtini paraihe e ōrite ana ki te pūmua o ngā wāhanga pēpi kia kaua ai e hinga te mata i te wā o te horoi.
Ko ngā punaha horoi pēhi-ite tino āhuatia ki te wehe i te pōpō me ngā tapa i ngā āhuatanga herenga, ina nui ake i ngā wāhi pēpi kei reira ka pakari te parakirihana. Whakarerekē i ngā tautuhinga pēhi me ngā hanganga noho kia ōrite ki ngā hereketanga horoi motuhake engari kia kaua e hinga ngā tohu karbite, i ngā mata taura rānei. Whakakotahi ngā tikanga horoi mākawe, kimika hoki mō te horoi whānui e roa ake ai te ora o te pēpi.
Ko te whakapai i te mātai e torotoro ana i te ora o te pēke tapa kiko tōkei, e muru ai te hākaha, ka aukati i te pānga, ā, ka tiaki hoki i te pā ki te pouri i te wā o te rokiroki me te whakamahi. Kōwhiria ngā karaihe tōkei i hangaia mā ngā mahi rīhi, ki te whai whakaaro i ngā āhuatanga pērā i te māmā ika, ngā ītao o te wai, me te ōrite ki ngā reanga rīhi. Whakaputangia ngā karaihe ki ngā mata kiko katoa ki ngā tikanga whakamahinga e tino pai ai te takotoranga, kaua he nuinga.
Ko te kōwhiringa karaihe tōkei e hāngai ana ki ngā tikanga mahi, ā, ko ngā momo karaihe e hāngai ana ki ia taiao rīhi. Ko ngā whakamahinga i te wāhi paripari hiahia ana ki ngā karaihe e māmā ana i te paripari, ā, ko ngā rīhi i raro i te wai e hiahiatia ana ngā ītao aukati wai. Tiakina te tikanga whakaputa kotahi i ngā mahi tiaki katoa kia pai te mahi, kia aukati hoki i te pānga ki ngā tōkei i te wā o te hononga me te wehenga.
Ko te whakamarie katoa i te koroi e pupuri ana i te pono o te pito tāraiwa i te wā roa o te penapena me ng taiao herekau. Whakakapi nga makawe tiaki ki nga mata metara e kore ana e takotoria, ina koa ki nga wāhi tāraiwa kei reira huihui ai te wai me nga tikanga koroi. Whakamahia nga kaipōhi kikokiko ki roto i ngā kōpae penapena hei waihanga i ngā taiao tiaki e aukati ana i te whakarewa kaua ko te whakapiri ki nga mata pito.
Ko nga mahi whakahaere i te taiao ki ngā wāhi penapena e iti rawa ai te exposure ki te huapae, nga panoni o te pauna, me nga tikanga koroi o te rangi. Tāutuhia he tauā ārai koroi mō ngā taonga kua penapena kia kaua ai te koroi roa-pūmau, kia pai ai hoki te mahi a ngā matū tiaki hou. Ko te tirohanga tata ki ngā pito kua penapena e taea ai te kite i te tīmatatanga o te koroi i mua i te mate nui.
Ko ngā tikanga penapena tika e pakaru ana pū kaiwhatiwhatia te roa o te ao me te whaiwainga haumaru. Tiakina ngā wāhi pupuri kia ōrite te wāhi hōuhu me te parira kia kaua ai te pēhanga māmā, me te kore e āhua ai te rūpahu i ngā waimoana. Ko te arataki tika ka aukati i te hui o ngā waimoana, i te waihanga i ngā biti mai i ngā kirihou taiao e taea ai te whakaroa i te mahi i ngā mahi whakaputa i muri.
Me whai ngā āhuatanga tiaki i ngā wae tapahi matua uaua, me te tinihanga taiao te hoahoa o te whare pupuri. Whakamahia ngā punaha rākau e tautoko ana i ngā biti kāore he pikinga pēhanga ki ngā wāhi kiri. Tonoa ngā punaha whakahaere tau e whakarātangia ana te huri tika, kia aukati ai i te roa o te roanga o te pupuri e taea ai te tino pakaru o ngā tikanga tiaki, me ngā hinu.
Kia tiakina ngā pito tōtara ki te ārai i ngā panoni e huri ana i waenganui i ngā whakapuaki me ngā wāhi rīwhi. Hoahoa ngā punanga kawe e tiaki ana i te pānga, te titaha, me te taiao i te wā o te kawe. Whakamahia ngā matapae ārai tōtara me ngā tikanga herehere hei ārai i te nekeneke i roto i ngā kōpae, engari kaua e whakaputangia ngā wāhi ka taea ai te kino ki ngā wae tapa karapi.
Waihanga tikanga whakamahinga hei whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā taka, ngā pānga, me ngā tikanga tiki anuanu e tino mātau ai ngā hononga tōtara, i ngā tohu karapi rānei. Mātua whakamarie ngā kaimahi ki ngā tikanga tiki tika, me tuku i ngā taputapu whakamahinga tika kia kawe haumaru ai i ngā wae rīwhi taumaha. Tiakina ngā pukapuka e ārahitia ana te hītori me te noho o te pito i te ao katoa o te kawe me te whakauru.
Ko te tātari pūmau i ngā tauwā o te wareware e whai hua ana ki ngā tikanga kōpū, ngā tikanga mahi, me te mōhio kei te pai te tiaki. Tuhia ngā āhuatanga wareware mā ngā tikanga ine paerewa, me ngā tuhinga pikitia e āwhina ai te whakāeretanga i waenganui i ngā kaupapa rerekē, i ngā wā huringa. Kimihia ngā tauwā wareware kore noa e tohu ana i ngā raru ki ngā punanga kōpū, te whiriwhiringa iti, i ngā tikanga tiaki.
Whakawhitinga ngā raraunga wareware me ngā punanga mahi pērā i te tere kōpū, te kaha totohu, me ngā tikanga whenua kia whanaketia ngā tikanga kōpū, kia roa ake te ora iti. Whakamahia ēnei mōhio kia whanake ake ngā kauwhiringa tiaki, kia kitea hoki ngā wāhi e āki ai te mahi pai ake mā ngā panonitanga tikanga, mā ngā whakapai ake huarahi. Tukuna ngā kitenga ki ngā rōpū kōpū kia pai ake te mōhio mahi, kia hāpai hoki i ngā tikanga pai.
Ko te pupuri whai mōhiohio kua oti kē he āwhina ki ngā whakataunga e hāngai ana ki ngā wāhi panonitanga, ngā wā tono tiaki, me ngā rautaki whanaketanga mahi. Arataki i ngā tohu mahi matua pērā i te tawhiti kūkū, ngā haora mahi, me ngā utu tiaki hei whakapuma mō ngā momo tapa rerekē me ngā whakamahinga. Āwhina ana tēnei mōhiohio i ngā whakataunga hokohoko, ā, āwhina hoki i te whakapono ki ngā whakaurunga ki ngā waehanga tikangia ake mēnā e tautoko ana ngā raraunga mahi.
Whakauruhia ngā punaha whaiaronga matihiko e kimi ana i ngā raraunga mahi i te wā nei, ā, honoa ki ngā punaha whakahaere tiaki kia taea ai te whakarite wā, te whakahaere taupānga hoki. Whakamahia ngā tātai matapae kia kitea ngā aronga, kia whanake hoki i te wā panonitanga mō te panonitanga e hāngai ana ki te mahi pono engari kāore ki ngā wā takotoranga orau. Ka nui ake te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tēnei kaupapa, i te mea ka iti ake te mōrearea o ngā herenga kāore i tūpono.
Me whai whakamātau ā-muri, ā-mua ngā tapa pēke māwhiti mō ia 8-12 haora o te mahi kōpū, e hāngai ana ki ngā tikanga mataara me te kaha o te kōpū. Hei whakamātau ake i ngā takotoranga parurenga, i ngā wā hoki e kōpū ana i ngā matapae kirihou. Ka āwhina ngā tirotiro ā-rā anuanu ki te kite i ngā raru e tipu mai ana i mua i te hia tinihanga, tiniwhenua rānei.
Ko ngā take matua o te muhu māwhiti ko te iti tangata o te hinu ka aronga ai te pānga karaka ki ngā pēke, ko te whakaputanga hē ka aronga ai te mate māhu, me ngā tere kōpū hikakeka e huritau ai te wearenga o te karbide. Ko te pēke kōhuru i te wā o te whakauru, me te kirihou i ngā toki kōpū hoki e pā nui ana ki te poto i te ora ratonga. Mā te arataki i ngā tikanga whakamātai tika ka whakatika ēnei take e mōhiotia ana mō te muhu.
Ko ngā taputapu tāpiri arotini e iti ana te mate arotini, i te pēra me ngā kōpae karbiti kua noho raupapa, ka taea pea te whakapai ake i runga i ngā ratonga toitū. Ko te utu-āhua e hāngai ana ki te rahi o te mate, te rahi o te taputapu, me ngā utu whakakapi. Ko te tikanga o te whakapai kia koa he arotini anō, te whakakapi i te karbiti, me te whakahou i te takotoranga tiaki, e āwhina ana pea i te wā o te mahi ki te 60-80% o ngā paerewa tuatahi.
E hiahiatia ana ngā karapotini motuhake mō te ruarangi i te hihiri e mau ana i ngā taonga metara me ngā hinu pātui hangarau e mau ana i ngā āhuatanga whakapau moni i ngā hihiri teitei. Ko ngā karapotini anti-seize e mau ana i te karapotini kupuri me ngā taonga molybdenum disulfide e mahi pai ana i ngā hihiri e piki ake i te 200°C. E herehere ana ēnei karapotini i te pakanga hihiri, ā, e mau ana i ngā āhuatanga tiaki i te roanga o ngā wāhi ruarangi i ngā taiao hihiri uaua.
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