Ko ngā karu pāpaku PDC, i te mōhiotia hoki e ngā Polycrystalline Diamond Compacts, kei te whakawhitinga i te kēmu mō ētahi whakauru pāpaku ā-nuianui. He aha te mea e wehe ai i a rātou i ngā karu pāpaku noa? Nō te mea, kua hangaia rātou kē atu. Ko ēnei karu he papanga pāpaku kua hono kikitoa ki ngā turanga tungsten carbide, e hoatu ai i a rātou te whakapāinga tino whakapāinga me te āhua whakaeke. Kei te aroha ngā kaiwhakauru ki te mahi ki ngā karu PDC nā te mea ka roa tonu rātou i waenganui i ngā whakakapi me te taea te whakauru i ngā takotoranga uaua ake me te kore e pakaru tonu. Ko te āhua whakawātea he mea nui anō hoki. Ahakoa te pāpaku i roto i ngā hāpua pohatu ranei, ka tūhono ngā karu PDC i te mahi pai, e hua ai i te wā poto ake i ngā mahi me te iti ake te wā kua tāpoketia mō ngā panonitanga taputapu.
Kei te whai pānga nui a Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bits i te umanga rereke, i āwhina ai i te kaha ki te wehe i te kōhatu tino pai ake i ngā tikanga tawhito. Kei te pakaru i ngā tikanga o mua i te kōhatu i a rātou e haere ana, engari kei te wehe ngā PDC bits i te tikanga kē. Kei te wehe i te takotoranga pērā i te mātā i te tapa o te taro, e iti ake ai te kaha e hiahiatia ana i te mutunga. I whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakahaere ētahi whakamātau i te mara e whakaatu ana i te kaha o ngā taputapu hou e whakapakari i te tere rereke i raro i te 30% ina whakaritea ki ngā taputapu tatau. He aha te mea nui i te wehe i te tikanga? Whakamahia kia rite ki te tikanga e tapahia ai te paraihe ki ngā toihau mātā. Ka taea e tēnei tikanga ngā kapa e rereke tere ake i te whakahaere, a, me te whakauru tonu, ākene anō pea i waenganui i ngā rerekētanga o ngā takotoranga whenua i ngā wā o ngā mahi.
Kua hawhe kē te hanga pūhiko i ngā tau kua pahure ake nei, ā, kia whaitua ki te takiwā hinu me te kora. Ki te wā i whakamahia ai ērā kaupapa taketake ake, kua rerekētia katoa ngā mea i te tuku ake i ngā pūhiko PDC, i huri noa te ahumoni. Mā te whai mōhio e ngā rerekētanga ki ngā rawa, kua āhua whiti ake ngā pūhiko PDC kaihono i ngā tikanga whakamāmā e ngohia ana e ngā tauira tawhito ake. Kua whakaatu hoki ngā raraunga ahumoni i ētahi mea hoki – e toru hui katoa pea o te katoa o ngā whakauru kua whakamahia ai te hangarau PDC. He aha ai? Nā te mea kua pai ake te mahi. Ka tapahi i te kōhatu i te wā poto ake, ka pakaru moni i te wā roa, ā, ka whakamāmā i te katoa o te whakahaerenga. Ko ngā kamupene i huri noa i te tīmatanga kei te kite i ngā painga mai i te huri i te hangarau.
Kei te pōpō teitei o ngā kōpiko PDC ngā kaiwhakakī polycrystalline diamond, e mōhiotia ana i te umanga mō te here i ngā whakamunangia. Ka tukuna ngā kaiwhakakī nei ki te pēhi pēhi me te whakapōkai i te wā o te whanaketanga, e tāngia ai i te kaha ake i ngā tāpapa tāpiri. Ko te tikanga ko ngā kōpiko kia tino pai tonu te tapa tāpiri i muri i te roa o te wā i ngā wāhi pāpaku. Mō ngā kaiwhakahaere e mahi ana i ngā wāhi mātāpuna rānei eke atu ai te wāhi ki te kōpiko, ko te roa o te wā ka tūhono ai i te mahi kia māmā ai me te iti i ngā wātā e utu nui ana. E ai ki ngā raraunga mara mai i ngā wāhi rereke, ko ngā kōpiko PDC he iti noa te roa o te wā i te tata ki te rua ki te toru te rahinga ake i ngā kōpiko tungsten carbide. Ko te rerekētanga o te mahi ka tūhono tika ki ngā tāpiri i te tōaitanga mō ngā kamupene e inu ana i te hangarau pāpaku hou.
Ko ngā karu pāpaku PDC e whai whakarōrite ana i ngā rārangi rama e whakaritea kia nui ake te kaha o te tapa, i te wā e iti iho ana te tōtō i roto i ngā momo kōhatu rereke. Āwhina ēnei whakarō hou kia pai ake te tere o te whakauru, ā, katoa anō te mahi pāpaku e neke haere ana kia māmā ake, kaua ko ngā whakautu tata. Ko te tōtika hauropi e pakaru hoki ana i roto i ēnei karu. Ka whirihaua ngā pūnaha nei ngā inžiniera kia taea ai te tango i ngā tapa tere ake i te wā o te whakatū, kia manawa tonu ai te mahi e tōtika ana i raro i te whenua. Ko ngā tātai a te marae e whakaatu ana kāore he aha kāore i te tōtika hauropi i te tika, ka taea e ngā tere rere o ngā wai te pehanga ake i te 25%. He nui tēnei nā te mea ka pakaru tonu te karu i ngā kauta huihuinga ka arai i te wehenga, te whakapōkai rānei i te wā e haere ana. Ko ngā karu kua pakaru kia tūturu te mahi, ā, he iti noa ngā haerenga utu ki waho i te kōhao hei whakatika.
Ko ngā kōpiko PDC ki te āhua whakapiko ake e hāngai ana ki te tāone hou mō te ahumahi, ka nui ake te roa o te ora i ngā tauira tawhito. Ko te āhua e wehe ai ēnei kōpiko ko te āhua e pakaru ai te mahi pakanga ahakoa ngā haora e mahi ana i ngā tikanga uaua, nō reira kāore e hiahiatia te whakamutu i ngā mahi ia āhua anō i te whakakapi i ngā kōpiko parure. Ko te mea ka pakaru tonu te pakaru ka iti ake ngā utu katoa mō ngā kaiwhakahaere kāore e hiahiatia ngā taputapu hou i te wā katoa. E ai ki ngā ripoata mai i ngā wāhi rereke, ko ngā kamupene i huri ki te whakamahi i te hangarau PDC whakapiko ake e manawa marie ana i te kaupeka utu mō te whakahaere i te kaupeka kōpiko i te wā e iti ake. Ko ēnei manawa marie e āwhina ana i te wā o te otinga o ngā kaupapa hoki, e mārama ai te nuinga o ngā kaiwhakahaere e whai whakaaro hou ana kaore i te nui ake te utu engari he mea nui kia whai kaha ai te whai wāwā i te maakete o nāianei.
Kua whakapumautia ngā karu PDC ina wāhi ana ki te kōpū i ngā kōhatu pāpaku ki ngā tere tere ake. Ko te ara i hangaia ai ki ngā tapa kōtuku e āki ai i te kōhatu tino pai ake i ngā karu atu. Ka kitea e ngā kaimahi ake tēnei i ngā wāhi kōpū tūmatanui. Ina huri ngā kamupene ki ngā karu PDC i ngā tau e tō ana, ka taea e rātou te kōpū i te tere e 50% tere ake i ngā tikanga kōhatu anō. Ko te nuinga o ngā tohunga e toa ana ki te hanga ake i ēnei karu hei tango i ngā tātai pāpaku tino āwhai. Kāore tēnei i te whakaaro anake - he whakaaro nui hoki ngā whakauru hinu me ngā whakauru kaha ki te Iwikahukahu ki te whakapau tāpiripiri i muri i te huri, e hāngai ana ki te whakaiti i ngā utu mō ngā kaupapa rapu.
Ina te kapinga ki ngā pātete PDC, ko te whai rawa kaha ake he tikanga whai hua nui rawa atu, nā te nuinga o te wā i runga i te whakaitinga i te wā tapa kua mōhiotia hei 'wā tāwhai' i te wā o te kapinga. Ko te tāwhai i konei te tikanga i whakaputua ai e ngā kaimahi te katoa o te aho kapinga kia mātua whakakapi i te pātete ki te mutunga. Kua roa ake ngā pātete PDC ki te whakamahi tōraroa i ngā tau ki muri nā te kaha o ngā taputapu whakauru me te hāngai ki te whakauru ki ngā tikanga pōhara ki raro i te whenua. I runga i tēnā, kāore he huihuinga e hiahiatia ana kia mutu te mahi mā te mātua whakakapi i ngā pātete kua pakaru. Kua whakaatu ngā raraunga a te ahumoni he heke haere tata ki te 20% i te wā tāwhai ina whakamahia ēnei pātete matua. Mō ngā mahi hinu me te kora, he tere ake te kohinga i ēnei wā e whakaora ana i te maha o ngā wāhi kapinga, e whai hua ake ai ngā kaupapa i te wā roa o te mahi tūhono marama, tau rānei.
Ko ngā rangahau i whakamahia ki ngā wāhi mātātoko maha o te Raki o te Raki kei te whakaatu i te aha a ngā pūkoro PDC kei te whakarereke i te tāpoi mō ngā whakahaerenga puhau. I tētahi rangahau kua tohua he whakapai ake o te 173% i te tere tāpoi (ROP) ina hurihia mai i ngā pūkoro tikanga ki te hangarau PDC. Kua whakataetia e te kapa rangahau ngā pūkoro niho kōwhiti ki ngā tauira PDC hou ake i ngā tikanga whakamahia, ā, kua tūhono ngā hua ki te whakaatu i tēhea te huarahi e tino pai ana te whakamahi. Ko ngā whakapai ake i te ROP nei ka tūhono ai ki te kaha o ngā kaiwhakahaere kia oti ngā kaupapa tere ake, tāpirihia atu ki te penapena i te moni mō ngā utu kora, me ngā utu mahi. Ko te mea e nui ai te uara o ngā pūkoro PDC ko tō rātou āhua whakamahi tūturu tonu i ngā takotoranga uaua i reira e whai kiko ana, neke atu rānei i te kore o ngā taputapu tawhito.
Kua kitea ngā kaupapa kōranga pāpaku i ngā rohe pēnei i te Eagle Ford me te Wolfcamp he whakapai ake nui mai i te whakauru ake i ngā kōpata PDC ki ngā wheronga. I te tīmata a ngā kamupene ki te whakamahi i ēnei kōpata, kua kitea e rātou he iti ake ngā utu me te pai ake te mahi o te katoa ki te tūmatanui. E ai ki ngā raraunga hou mai i ngā kaiwhakauru kōranga, kua whakapai ake te tau o te whanaketanga i te mea kātahi ka kōranga ngā kaiwhakahaere i te tere ake me te tūhonohono ake. Ko te āhua motuhake o ēnei kōpata ko te āhua pai o te whakahaere i ngā tikanga pāpaku i ēnei wāhi. Kua ripoatia e ngā kaiwhakahaere he iti ake te wā e noho whakapātia ana i te mātenga o ngā kōranga, anō hoki he nui ake te tāone kua koveria i waenganui i ngā wā tiaki. Kua whakapuakina hoki e ētahi kaimahi ake o te mara te whakapono mōhio kei te āhua whakapakari te taputapu ki te whakawhitinga i ērā anō ka uaua ki ngā kōpata tawhito.
Kua kitea te Whenua Pāpaku Ford Eke ki ētahi whakapai tūhono ki te whakapai ake i ngā hoahoa pūpara PDC, kua eke hoki te whakapai i te tere e noho ana (ROP) ki te 40% i ētahi keehi. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te kite i ngā tohu moni i konei mai i te mea ka rere ki ngā utu iti ake me te whakahaere pai ake i te nuinga. Ko te tirotiro i te hanganga Wolfcamp he kōrero anō pea. I te wā i huri ngā kamupene ki ngā pūpara PDC kei reira, kua heke te wā e rere ana i te 36%, i te wā e ROP kua piki te 25%. Kāore ngā tauira nei i ngā tatauranga noa, he whakapai tūhono ki te ara e rere ana i ngā kōpae pāpaku i nāianei. Kāore i te nui rawa te pa ki te hangarau PDC ki ngā whakatinanaga o nāianei, ina huihui ana ki ngā painga o te moni me ngā whakapai whakatinanaga ki ngā hanganga katoa.
Kua whakamātau ngā kōpiko PDC i ā rātou anō hei whakamahi tūmahi ina pā ki ngā mahi raru i te wāhi eke ki te waiariki, ā, ina heke ana ki ngā takotoranga paraihe kiri kaha e taea e ngā taputapu atu te maranga. Ko te mea e wehe ai i ēnei kōpiko ko te hāngai o rātou ki te mahi tapa uaua me te roa o te ora, arā, kātai rātou e pakaru i ngā takotoranga pāpaku e kitea ana i raro i te whenua i ngā wā eke ki te waiariki. Kātahi ka kitea te pono o ngā hua i te marae. E tere ake ngā kōpiko nei i te paraihe tērā i ngā tikanga tawhito ake, ā, e roa ake hoki te wā e mau ai i ia wā ka whakakapi, arā, he tauira ka tūtohu ngā kaiwhakahaere maha kē ki te hangarau PDC hei whakautu mō te tango waiariki mai i ngā takotoranga pāpaku ki raro i te whenua.
I ngā whakauru whiripau rāko, ko ngā karu PDC e tū kaha ana i ētahi atu, arānei ko te whaihua pai ake i ngā takotoranga pāpaku, ngā pāpaka e parai ana i ngā karu tūmatanui. Kua hangaia kia kaha ngā karu kia taea ai te tono tonu i muri i te whakamusage roa, nō reira kāore i te mea nui kia mutu te mahi kia whakakapi i ngā taputapu parai. Mō ngā kamupene e rapu ana i ngā pāpaku wera, ko te whirinakitanga o tēnei momo ka whai pānga nui ki te ōrau tūhono o te kaupapa. E mōhio ana kē ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te whakamahi i te hangarau PDC i ēnei rā nō te mea ka āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā wā kāore i te mahi me ngā utu whakahaere i te wā e mahia ana i ngā wāhi rāko hōu.
Ina mahi ana i te wai hohonu, ko ngā pirau PDC e rerehua ana i te waimarie ki te noho pakari, ā, e whakatinga hoki i te mahi, ā, he tino uaua hoki ngā rōpuna karukaru e whakapāhunu ana i te maha o ngā kaiwhakauru. Ko te mea e wehe ai i a rātou ko te āhua pai o te arataki i ngā tikanga rereke katoa ka tū mai ana i te whakauru, kaua ko te wehe atu i te tapa. Kua kitea e tātou i ngā tūmomo kaupapa moana nui kua tū a PDCs tonu ana i te haere, i te wā e hinga ana ngā pirau tuawhenua i muri i ngā whakarewa etahi. Ko te rerekētanga e kōrero ana mōna i ēnei taiao raru hohonu i te wā e tūmate ana te haora katoa ā, ko te whakapono ki te taputapu ko te mea nui rawa.
He tautohu ana te maha o ngā tohunga ki ngā pere PDC ina mahi ana i ngā taiao wai hohonu mai i te nuinga o te wā he tāwhai me te pono ake pea i raro i ngā tikanga uaua. He pai hoki te whakahaere i ngā raruraru pīroiroi e hāngai ana ki ngā hanganga karaitiana, ā, he tātai whakapapa hoki i te mahi i ēnei wāhi. Ko te nuinga i waia atu ai ngā kaiwhakahaere ki a ratou mō ngā mahi ruwhā i te wai hohonu. Ko te pono o te take ko te whakatinanatanga i ngā mea ki te whai oranga haumaru kaua ko te whakarupeke i te kounga, he mea nui tēnei ina e wātea ana ngā miriona tāra ki raro i te wai.
Kei te whakarereke a PDC ngā karu whakaputangia e pā ki ngā takotoranga paripari whakapāki ai i ngā takiwā kawe kōrō, hanga me te rapu hinu. Kei te whakatakotoria e ēnei karu ngā whāinga tino whakahirahira ina hōhonu ana i ngā tāpoi uku tere ake i te nuinga o ngā tikanga tawhito. He aha te mea e pai ai? Kei te whakaaetia e tō rātou whakatakotoranga motuhake kia tūhono ai ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te tere tere ake i ngā tikanga tawhito. Mō ngā kamupene e noho ana ki ngā tikanga paripari whakapāki i ia rā, ko te tikanga he iti ake ngā wā e noho ana me ngā hua tino whai hua. Ki te āpiti, kei te haere tonu te hangarau PDC ki te tōwhe i ngā rohe e wātea ana ki ngā taputapu hōhonu hou. Kei te kitea e mātou kē ngā kaihanga e whakauru nei i ēnei karu ki ngā tauira hou e āki ai i ngā whakapāinga o te āhu me te pēhi tino pai ake i ngā wā kua pahure. Kei te ao, mai i ngā kōhanga rereke ki ngā takotoranga takutai, kua ko ngā karu hōhonu PDC he mea tāpiri mō te katoa e hiahia ana ki te whakapai ake i te mahi whai hua kaua ko te whakakaha i ngā tātai haumaru.
E waihangahia ana ngā pūtē PDC i ngā rāngai mata polikarihana e pāngia ana ki ngā poraka tungsten karāihi, e whakamana ana i te tūnui me te tūponotanga ki te wehe.
Nui ake te whiwhinga mahi me te whakamahinga i ngā pū kōaro PDC, nā te whakamahi i tētahi mīhini tahutahu hei whakatupu i te kohanga paneroa, tērā e taka ake ana i ngā āhuatanga hokiwhenua kotahi.
Nui ake ngā whenua pēnei i te rongoā pūngao, te kōaro urupa, te whai mana paneroa, me ngā mahi waiariki e pai ana i te whiwhinga mahi me te whanaketanga o ngā pū kōaro PDC.
Ka heke ngā utu mahi me ngā pū PDC nā te oranga roa ake me te iti ake i ngā wā kuhu, minitia ngā whakatoke pū anake i runga i ngā kaupapa kōaro.
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